Comparative study of the limitations produced to freedom of movement in the European Union during the coronavirus crisis

This article seeks to define the exceptionality in the fulfillment of rights and free-doms of European citizens related to the free movement of people. The situation arising from the COVID-19 pandemic made the members of the European Union and the Schengen Area decide to impose movement restriction measures for citizens and residents in them. These ones, understandable at first due to the uncertainty of a new a new disease, endangered the European system of free movement itself, as well as the relevance of the systems of restriction of this right linked to European citizenship. © GKA Ediciones, authors.

Metabolomics: From Scientific Research to the Clinical Diagnosis

Metabolomics supports uncovering relevant pathophysiological mechanisms and identifying biomarkers of risk and progression in diseases. Furthermore, metabolomics has allowed the characterization of the proteins and metabolites of COVID-19, neurodegenerative processes, gestational diabetes mellitus, cancer breast, process of kidney transplantation, and Parkinson diagnosis, among other diseases (Table 7.1). Metabolomics employs noninvasive human biological samples such as serum, breath, and urine to screen and identify novel biomarkers. The combination of NMR, LC/MS, and CG/MS is desirable to detect, identify, and quantify hundreds of thousands of metabolites, useful in biomarker discovery toward clinical applications. The generation of biological information has led to the creation of databases such as BioBankWarden, which can be used to store and retrieve specific information from different clinical fields linked to biomaterials collected from patients. The use of metabolomics allows greater precision in the diagnosis and follow-up of the treatment of any disease. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

Neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic represents a challenge for healthcare systems, due to the impact on different systems, such as respiratory, cardiovascular and nervous systems. Background: to describe the neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Methods: a search for information was carried out in the PubMed/Medline, SciELO, EBSCO, Lilacs and Scopus databases. A search strategy was applied by combining terms and using Boolean operators. Thirty references were chosen. Results: olfactory nerves and invasion of peripheral nerve terminals are suggested as routes of entry;the presence of severe neural symptoms associated with lesions of other organs and cytokine storm is also described. Headache was the most common neurological manifestation in patients with COVID-19, and rhabdomyolysis, acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy, Guillain Barre syndrome, meningitis and encephalitis are rare neurological entities. In Guillain Barre syndrome, the literature suggests both a post infectious and para-infectious pattern. Conclusions: COVID-19 is associated with different neurological manifestations, including headache, dizziness, vertigo, vomiting, and alterations of consciousness, stroke and others not so frequent. These symptoms as a whole should be evaluated by healthcare personnel, with a view to their rapid detection and management, in order to guarantee the disappearance of sequelae that reduce the quality of life of patients, as well as to reduce the associated mortality records.

The COVID-19 and the Schengen Area.Towards a new model of European interdependence

This research starts from the situation generated by the pandemic in 2022 in the Schengen area. Paradoxically, a few days before the 25th anniversary of the establishment of the Schengen area, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of Coronavirus, a global pandemic which forced the closure of most European borders. What seemed to be a guaranteed right, freedom of movement, was suspended in order to control the pandemic. The decisions taken by states unilaterally generated complex derivations in the framework of complex interdependence within which the European Union operates. National measures, far from guaranteeing the four fundamental freedoms, highlighted the discrepancies and lack of integration in this area.The temporary restrictions on free movement indirectly signified the proclamation that public health and those freedoms cannot coexist in critical situations, eliminating any pretense of EU leadership.Transnational relations, which on the one hand led to the increasing interconnectedness of societies, on the other hand also resulted in the restriction of states' foreign policy spaces for action. This has led to the emergence of international governance, a model that has a strong influence on the development and functioning of the EU. Most EU Member States reacted quickly to the risk of the exponential spread of the coronavirus and adopted stringent preventive measures that culminated in unprecedented restrictions on the free movement of persons within the EU, with important consequences for the functioning of the internal market.The narrative of Europe as a market power emerges as an alternative. The normative approach to European identity assumes that the very nature of the EU as a market predisposes it to use its economic capabilities as a foreign policy tool. Thus, an approach that emphasizes this fact will be analytically more appropriate than an approach based on the normative identity of the Union. This points to the gestation of a new form of global governance and the design of new mechanisms for cooperation between states in the framework of interdependence and could be seen as a starting point for the debate on whether interfering in the internal market with restrictions and prohibitions on mobility was a reasonable alternative for member states to take, considering other competing interests. That is, whether the situation generated by the pandemic justified the degree of interference with free movement within the EU.The European system of governance, the most developed in contemporary international relations, showed many weaknesses and even a regression during the pandemic;that is, to a pre-eminently intergovernmental process, led by the most powerful EU countries. The EU's international cooperation systems, mechanisms and instruments must lay the foundations for a new agenda adapted to the reality of a post-Covid multipolar and interdependent world. This article is organized in three parts. The first part focuses on situating the concept of interdependence in both traditional and contemporary International Relations. This interdependence is generated for different reasons, each of which specifically defines the model to be followed by states in their transnational relations. The progressive redistribution of global power towards multipolarity and the deepening of interdependence between states have given rise to a transition towards interpolarity in which cooperation/integration, multilateralism and the role of the great powers or polarity occupy a prominent place. This is due to the increase in the number, quality and nature of the different interconnections that, at the international level, take place between different types of actors.Once the concept of interdependence has been placed in a global framework, the impact of this phenomenon on the Schengen area will be studied as an element common to all Member States, but for which different solutions were offered. The temporary suspension of the Schengen area affected the four fundamental freedoms and, although some were affected more than others, there is no doubt about its impact on European systems. This impact, far from being gauged by the European Union as an organization, was managed unilaterally by the states that persisted in their isolationist attitude, reinforcing the scarce integration that the Schengen area has always experienced but which was necessary in this context. The difference in scope and rigidity of national travel restrictions and bans resulted in a spectrum of diverse and sometimes inconsistent restrictions across the Union. As an example, most entry bans to national territories contained exceptions for domestic nationals and residents: some provided exceptions for nationals, residents, and persons confirmed negative for Covid-19, whereas others offered exceptions to nationals, residents, and persons entering the national territory for valid reasons.The second part of our research focuses on a qualitative analysis of the restrictions in the Schengen area and whether the interdependence experienced in this area and its lack of integration favour or harm the EU's behaviour on the international stage. Member States justified all travel restrictions -including entry and exit bans to and from national territories- on public health grounds. In this sense, the removal of multilevel governance elements in different EU policy areas elevated issues originally from the European framework to the international level without considering their long-term impact. Thus, some EU covid-19 measures, such as the severe restrictions on free movement that affected refugee and asylum rights during the pandemic showed that the terms of solidarity underpinning the framework for the implementation of refugee and asylum rights in the EU, which does not go beyond the national level, are not commensurate with the real need for concrete solutions in this area. The human rights implications of all these border closures are alarming and put at serious risk vulnerable populations that should be protected by these national and international legal obligations.With regards to the internal aspect, the Schengen area is a space where interdependence between states is clearly visible in such obvious and important areas as global trade in goods and services, capital transfers, and information connectivity, thanks to the Internet and social networks. For example, we see that during the Covid-19 pandemic, there was a direct link between, for example, the suspension of the Schengen area, the health systems of the Member States, and the health systems of the EU Member States.

Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection

Introduction: the daily increase in cases and deaths, the economic losses in the millions suffered by affected nations and the consequent strain on the human resources involved in reversing this situation have made the COVID-19 pandemic an unprecedented international challenge. Background: to describe the orchestrated immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: an up-to-date bibliometric study was conducted on the type of articles stated in the objective, using a total of 30 bibliographies. Documentary review and analysis-synthesis methods were used to prepare the final report. Resources available on the Infomed network were used to select the information, specifically: PubMed and SciELO, through the databases: Medline, Search Premier and Scopus. Development: the core elements in the immunopathology of COVID-19 involve innate immunity, with the sustained increase of pro-inflammatory interleukins associated with failures in the interferon system, which can trigger a potentially fatal cytokine storm. In terms of elements linked to adaptive immunity, there is evidence of marked lymphopenia which, depending on the degree, may indicate the severity of the disease. Conclusions: understanding the orchestrated immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection and its temporal sequence allows us to choose timely and effective therapies, specifically when selecting anti-inflammatory drugs and the time of their application, as it is difficult to determine when they will be clearly beneficial, that they do not impair the response and that it is not too late, given the irreversibility of the process.

Multidisciplinary approach of the sequelae one month after hospital discharge in patients with severe bilateral COVID-19 pneumonia, are there differences depending on the respiratory therapy used during admission to intensive care?

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sequelae one month after hospital discharge in patients who required admission to Intensive Care for severe COVID 19 pneumonia and to analyze the differences between those who received therapy exclusively with high-flow oxygen therapy compared to those who required invasive mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: Cohort, prospective and observational study. SETTING: Post-intensive care multidisciplinary program. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Patients who survived admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) for severe COVID 19 pneumonia from April 2020 to October 2021. INTERVENTIONS: Inclusion in the post-ICU multidisciplinary program. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Motor, sensory, psychological/psychiatric, respiratory and nutritional sequelae after hospital admission. RESULTS: 104 patients were included. 48 patients received high-flow nasal oxygen therapy (ONAF) and 56 invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The main sequelae found were distal neuropathy (33.9% IMV vs 10.4% ONAF); brachial plexopathy (10.7% IMV vs 0% ONAF); decrease in grip strength: right hand 20.67kg (±8.27) in VMI vs 31.8kg (±11.59) in ONAF and left hand 19.39kg (±8.45) in VMI vs 30.26kg (±12.74) in ONAF; and limited muscle balance in the lower limbs (28.6% VMI vs 8.6% ONAF). The differences observed between both groups did not reach statistical significance in the multivariable study. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained after the multivariate study suggest that there are no differences in the perceived physical sequelae one month after hospital discharge depending on the respiratory therapy used, whether it was high-flow nasal oxygen therapy or prolonged mechanical ventilation, although more studies are needed to be able to draw conclusions.

Evolution of the cassava (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) in vitro germplasm bank of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (FCA-UNNE) and the Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE, CONICET-UNNE) in pre-pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic times

The normal management of plant germplasm conservation laboratories involves carrying out numerous and diverse activities, which were affected by the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). The objective of this publication was to review the evolution of the cassava in vitro germplasm bank at the FCA-UNNE and IBONE (CONICET-UNNE) and to tell about usual management practices and the procedures to preserve living plant material and the personnel's life involved in pre-pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic times. Teachers, researchers, undergraduate and graduate students carried out, for almost 40 years, the in vitro conservation of 56 cassava cultivars from different countries. Before March 2020, the bank management consisted mainly in scientific-technological activities for the conservation of the material and the search for parameters to establish an order of subcultures. Having decreed Social, Preventive and Compulsory Isolation in Argentina, conservation activities continued applying the usual practices by following political-institutional sanitary measures. To face the new sanitary scenarios, methodologies must be adjusted so that they are effective at maintaining viability of the plant material and at prolonging conservation time. © 2022 Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste. All rights reserved.

[Multidisciplinary approach of the sequelae one month after hospital discharge in patients with severe bilateral COVID-19 pneumonia, are there differences depending on the respiratory therapy used during admission to intensive care?] / Valoración multidisciplinar de las secuelas al mes del alta hospitalaria por neumonía grave COVID-19, ¿existen diferencias en función de la terapia respiratoria empleada durante su ingreso en Cuidados Intensivos?

Objective: To describe the sequelae one month after hospital discharge in patients who required admission to intensive care for severe COVID-19 pneumonia and to analyze the differences between those who received therapy exclusively with high-flow oxygen therapy compared to those who required invasive mechanical ventilation. Design: Cohort, prospective and observational study. Setting: Post-intensive care multidisciplinary program. Patients or participants: Patients who survived admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) for severe COVID-19 pneumonia from April 2020 to October 2021. Interventions: Inclusion in the post-ICU multidisciplinary program. Main variables of interest: Motor, sensory, psychological/psychiatric, respiratory and nutritional sequelae after hospital admission. Results: One hundred and four patients were included. 48 patients received high-flow nasal oxygen therapy (ONAF) and 56 invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The main sequelae found were distal neuropathy (33.9% IMV vs. 10.4% ONAF); brachial plexopathy (10.7% IMV vs. 0% ONAF); decrease in grip strength: right hand 20.67 kg (± 8.27) in VMI vs. 31.8 kg (± 11.59) in ONAF and left hand 19.39 kg (± 8.45) in VMI vs. 30.26 kg (± 12.74) in ONAF; and limited muscle balance in the lower limbs (28.6% VMI vs. 8.6% ONAF). The differences observed between both groups did not reach statistical significance in the multivariable study. Conclusions: The results obtained after the multivariate study suggest that there are no differences in the perceived physical sequelae one month after hospital discharge depending on the respiratory therapy used, whether it was high-flow nasal oxygen therapy or prolonged mechanical ventilation, although more studies are needed to be able to draw conclusions.

Limitations on mobility due to COVID-19 and opinion on democracy

This article aims to highlight the restrictions imposed by the Spanish State on freedom of movement. Once these restrictions are described in the first three waves of the Covid-19 pandemic, we reflect on the possible excesses of the government by increasing its control over a concerned citizenry and in fear of the pandemic. However, there is an unexpected consequence in people's political attitudes: a reduction in preferences towards democracy, in favor of authoritarianism. © GKA Ediciones, authors.

Pharmacoeconomic studies in Cuba in the last 20 years

Introduction: Cuba is a country with development in the biotechnology and medicines field, where pharmacoeconomic studies provide significant evidence for decision-making;mainly at present when the country is immersed in the "Task of Ordering" and at the same time is affected by the pandemic of the new coronavirus.

Multidisciplinary approach of the sequelae one month after hospital discharge in patients with severe bilateral COVID-19 pneumonia, are there differences depending on the respiratory therapy used during admission to intensive care? Valoración multidisciplinar de las secuelas al mes del alta hospitalaria por neumonía grave COVID-19, ¿existen diferencias en función de la terapia respiratoria empleada durante su ingreso en Cuidados Intensivos?

Graphical Objective To describe the sequelae one month after hospital discharge in patients who required admission to Intensive Care for severe COVID 19 pneumonia and to analyze the differences between those who received therapy exclusively with high-flow oxygen therapy compared to those who required invasive mechanical ventilation. Design Cohort, prospective and observational study. Setting Post-intensive care multidisciplinary program. Patients or participants Patients who survived admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) for severe COVID 19 pneumonia from April 2020 to October 2021. Interventions Inclusion in the post-ICU multidisciplinary program. Main variables of interest Motor, sensory, psychological/psychiatric, respiratory and nutritional sequelae after hospital admission. Results 104 patients were included. 48 patients received high-flow nasal oxygen therapy (ONAF) and 56 invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The main sequelae found were distal neuropathy (33.9% IMV vs 10.4% ONAF);brachial plexopathy (10.7% IMV vs 0% ONAF);decrease in grip strength: right hand 20.67 kg (+/- 8.27) in VMI vs 31.8 kg (+/- 11.59) in ONAF and left hand 19.39 kg (+/- 8.45) in VMI vs 30.26 kg (+/- 12.74) in ONAF;and limited muscle balance in the lower limbs (28.6% VMI vs 8.6% ONAF). The differences observed between both groups did not reach statistical significance in the multivariable study. Conclusions The results obtained after the multivariate study suggest that there are no differences in the perceived physical sequelae one month after hospital discharge depending on the respiratory therapy used, whether it was high-flow nasal oxygen therapy or prolonged mechanical ventilation, although more studies are needed to be able to draw conclusions.

Proctology and COVID-19: How we did it in a major ambulatory surgery unit during the pandemic?

Aim: The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically impacted the surgical world. Proctology has been severely affected by the reorganisation of healthcare systems over the last year. We present the COVID-19 infection screening protocol that we have carried out in our Major Ambulatory Surgery (MAS) unit for proctological procedures. Method(s): Analysis of the cases operated between April-20 and February-21 in the MAS unit following the protocol established for screening against COVID-19 for both, patients and staff, system alerts and solutions to outbreaks. Screening of patients is carried out by PCR test 48h prior to the intervention, outside the unit and extracted by trained staff. If positive, the intervention is postponed for 40-60 days or until a negative PCR is obtained. Screening of all staff is carried out weekly with a PCR test and 24-48 hours before any professional enters in the unit. If a positive case is detected, it is isolated for a week until negative PCR is obtained and all contagions are tested on days 0, 4 and 8. If an outbreak of less than 3 professionals is detected, they are isolated and follow-up continues. In case of 4 or more, activity in the unit is stopped until PCR is negative. Result(s): 2068 procedures were performed in the MAS unit of which 202 were proctological interventions: 38.6% perianal fistulas, 20.8% haemorrhoids, 12.9% anal dysplasia, 9.4% fissures and 18.32% other pathologies. 48 positive cases of patients were detected and the intervention was postponed without prejudice to the patients. Five alerts were detected in the staff screening, with a maximum of 3 professionals infected in one outbreak. The affected cases were removed from the unit until a negative PCR test was obtained. At no time did the MAS unit have to be closed due to infection. Conclusion(s): Our COVID-19 screening for patients and professionals has been effective and has allowed us to continue our healthcare practice during the pandemic, without the need to close the unit due to outbreaks.

An Agile method to support students with special educational needs in regular education after COVID-19 contingency

In Mexico there are units of consultants that help schools to make students with special needs be included in regular education they provide the necessary help to enhance the learning process. Their work implies adapting the learning methodology, complementing the planned academic activities, adapting learning goals to the students' needs, providing specific technological tools, analyze the knowledge acquisition, etc. Additionally, there are many factors that can affect these goals and complicate the whole intervention process. The COVID-19 pandemic is making attitudinal changes of students, together with the long academic brake, and the forced on-line learning. Together, consultants, teachers, parents, and scientists have analyzed gaps in the intervention process of the supporting units, related with collaboration, teamwork, adaptations in activities and knowledge acquisition, and proposed a solution to it. In this chapter, the authors present Scrum process as a feasible solution, making easy and stronger the collaboration, role definition, and goals prioritization. © 2021, IGI Global.

Pharmacoeconomic studies in Cuba in the last 20 years

Introduction: Cuba is a country with development in the biotechnology and medicines field, where pharmacoeconomic studies provide significant evidence for decision-making;mainly at present when the country is immersed in the "Task of Ordering" and at the same time is affected by the pandemic of the new coronavirus. Objective: Characterize pharmacoeconomic studies in Cuba in the last 20 years. Methods: A bibliometric research was carried out for which the Cuban scientific production on pharmacoeconomics was recovered in the Scopus database for the period 2001-2020. Bibliometric indicators were used to obtain the number of documents, years of publication, sources, collaboration, type and patterns of institutional and country collaboration, as well as co-occurrence of keywords. Results: 648 documents were retrieved. The most productive year was 2010. The documents were published in 273 journals, 17 (6.2%) Cuban ones and 256 (93.8%) foreign. There were 449 documents (69.3%) in institutional collaboration and 199 (30.7%) without collaboration. The most productive institutions were the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology with 82 (12.7%) and the Center of Molecular Immunology, with 77 (11.9%). The collaboration network between countries showed three defined areas: Latin America, North America-Europe-India and Spain. The most published topics were effectiveness and safety of drugs, vaccines, and those related to cancer. Conclusions: The publications were characterized by being collaborative, with a slight predominance of national over international ones. Comprehensive economic assessments need to be expanded.

Evolution of the cassava (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) in vitro germplasm bank of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the UNNE and the Institute of Botany of the Northeast (CONICET-UNNE) in pre-pandemic and pandemic times due to COVID-19

The normal management of plant germplasm conservation laboratories involves carrying out numerous and diverse activities, which were affected by the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). The objective of this publication was to review the evolution of the cassava in vitro germplasm bank at the FCA-UNNE and IBONE (CONICET-UNNE) and to tell about usual management practices and the procedures to preserve living plant material and the personnel's life involved in pre-pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic times. Teachers, researchers, undergraduate and graduate students carried out, for almost 40 years, the in vitro conservation of 56 cassava cultivars from different countries. Before March 2020, the bank management consisted mainly in scientific-technological activities for the conservation of the material and the search for parameters to establish an order of subcultures. Having decreed Social, Preventive and Compulsory Isolation in Argentina, conservation activities continued applying the usual practices by following political-institutional sanitary measures. To face the new sanitary scenarios, methodologies must be adjusted so that they are effective at maintaining viability of the plant material and at prolonging conservation time.

Acquisition of knowledge through creativity and leadership in a multidisciplinary environment

Involving students in collaborative projects and experiential learning helps develop transversal skills that, with passive learning, do not usually have specific training or reinforcement. Additionally, certain transversal skills such as the ability to communicate and coordinate in interdisciplinary work groups are essential for our graduates in their professional activity. The project consisted of a simulation of a real work environment in which a multidisciplinary team, made up of students from two different subjects of different degrees, must coordinate their efforts to propose a coherent solution to a problem. This project aims to reinforce the skills and competencies necessary both for the development of the rest of the subjects and for the subsequent exercise of the profession. These skills require reinforcement not only from the teacher but also from the classmates themselves, who would be competitors, students and the jury at the same time when assessing the results of the rest of the students. The problem to be solved focused on a proposal related to the supply of energy for a hypothetical agricultural industry, where agricultural engineering students carried out a design project for an electrical installation and the building students participated in the project by conducting an energy audit. Through collaborative work, it has been seen that students show a total willingness to work with students of other degrees and that the learning process improves since there is a greater interaction of skills and knowledge, which gives them an interdisciplinary vision of what it would perform a real job. Despite the difficult situation motivated by COVID pandemic, the project was successful and in total 25 students participated demonstrating that cooperative learning improves transversal skills.

COVID-19 Beliefs Among Hispanic and Latinx Virginians: An Application of the Health Belief Model

IntroductionCOVID-19 disproportionally affects U.S. Hispanic and Latinx individuals. Guided by the Health Belief Model, we examined COVID-19 beliefs among Hispanic and Latinx adults in Virginia. MethodRespondents (n = 414) were Hispanic and/or Latinx adults in Virginia recruited via Qualtrics panel between May and September 2021. Approximately two-thirds completed the survey in English (63.0%), and one-third completed the survey in Spanish (37.0%). ResultsMost respondents self-reported as vaccinated (72%). Vaccinated respondents reported greater perceived severity and susceptibility to COVID-19 than unvaccinated respondents. Perceived benefits and barriers to vaccination were identified among vaccinated and unvaccinated respondents, respectively. Among unvaccinated respondents, self-efficacy was greater for individuals who planned to get vaccinated compared with those who did not or were unsure. For cues-to-action, vaccinated and unvaccinated respondents identified credible sources and channels for COVID-19 information. ConclusionOur results highlight several opportunities and challenges to promoting COVID-19 awareness and vaccination among Hispanic and Latinx adults.

Impact of COVID-19 on people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, their families,support professionals and organizations

Our world has been transformed by the coronavirus and the infection it causes. The severity of the disease and the consequences of the state of alarm do not affect everyone equally, being people with intellectual and developmental disabilities one of the most vulnerable groups. INICO and Plena inclusion conducted a study to analyze the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, their families, direct support professionals, and disability organizations. To address this goal, four online surveys were developed and completed by almost 1.500 participants from all the Spanish regions. The results indicate that, despite the efforts made by the third sector, the health crisis has unveiled the deficiencies of our support system, which leads us to reflect on three fundamental aspects: the degree to which the development and maintenance of natural support networks is carried out when the person lives in a specific environment;the extent to which the support offered from the third sector reaches individuals outside the disability services network;and the role of our educational system in guaranteeing the right to education for people with special support needs. © 2021 University of Salamanca. All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular manifestations in patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has represented an unprecedented international challenge given the daily increase in cases and deaths. Therefore, taking into account the data reported on the number of infected people, it is necessary to increase the pace of scientific discoveries, which can be reversed into better strategies to face this health catastrophe. Objective: to describe the cardiovascular manifestations in patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Methods: an updated bibliographic review was carried out, referencing a total of 41 bibliographies. Analysis-synthesis was applied to prepare the final report. The resources available in the Infomed network were used for the selection of the information, specifically: PubMed and SciELo, through the databases: Medline, Search Premier and Scopus. Results: Cardiovascular complications associated with coronavirus infection have been previously described;although they have not yet been fully detailed due to the limited evidence available. However, the literature reflects associations of infection with coronary syndromes such as acute infarction;in addition to tachycardia, hypotension, bradycardia, transient cardiomegaly, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Conclusions: the study of the cardiovascular manifestations associated with COVID-19 allows a better and more comprehensive understanding of the new entity, its timely recognition can occur in the absence of respiratory or gastrointestinal manifestations, which constitutes a positive factor in early detection and early isolation. © 2022, Cuban Society of Cardiology, Cuban Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. All rights reserved.